The Vandals And The Decline Of Mediterranean free essay sample

Route Essay, Research Paper ? 439 Gaiseric an Vandals overcome Carthage with an armada they had been using for damaging foraies on Sicily. Romans attempt to do understandings with Gaiseric, he broke, and 3 ineffective campaigns to look for and get it back. ? Steadily looted Sicily in 1950ss and 1960ss 0 took land Sardinia, Baleari, Corsica and so forth ? Rome in 455. ? At long last put somewhere around Justinian in 533 huge armada, non maritime force, in any case, land coordinations. ? Rouge # 8211 ; Gradual reduction transportation in Med from third century? # 8211 ; decrease before Vandals inevitable end product. ? Connected to commonsense vanishing of result military armada. Equipped for patroling the waters. ? Vandals, with buccaneering, step into this vacuity. ? Hodges and Whitehouse ? demo some exchange, potentially little flotillas yet reappearance of exchange terminal fifth century harmonizes with Vandal harmony? Justinian? s wars of reconquest that really eased back exchange? Vandal control of Western Waterss was a political and military activity, non a monetary or business one? connected to compound in Med. We will compose a custom paper test on The Vandals And The Decline Of Mediterranean or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Route as this permitted Vandals to ope rate without obstructor adrift. ? Financial purpose of position Justinian? s war entirely essential? harmony with Vandal realm added to relative thriving under Anastasius in B. what's more, Theoderic in West at twist fifth century. ? Long count? military also, political position Eastern rulers, instilled with Roman legacy, could non take harmony and stableness of Chows obtained at disbursal of delay of its stark part to powers past Constantinople? s control. ? Vandals even more a mental factor? like buccaneering on BCE? honed cognizance of significance Mediterranean in heads of individuals who longed for Roman combination. ? Justinian: insufferable bind # 8211 ; drive to reconquer Empire more prominent than political comfort. ? Endeavor to reconquer tore segregated financial fabric of Mediterranean essential. ? West endured chief yet so East itself endured, defenseless against invasions from neighbors. ? Sassanid Iranis still most dangerous foe. ? B dealingss with SP and committednesss in MB entirely connected? made an encounter between these two extraordinary force os late artifact entirely ineluctable.

Puritanism Essays - Christian Philosophy, Congregationalism

Strictness The puritan religion is one that is not really comprehended in this day and age of endless reasons and blame dispensing. This is human instinct at it's best. Rigidity presumably couldn't make it today. Actually, it presumably wouldn't get an opportunity. The present society would not make the penances of picked hardships to make the cut. One of the most requesting religions, puritan conviction constrained its devotees to transform themselves in agreement to God's sacred word, just to figure that he might be one of the choose. The puritan religion depended on five essential standards; matchless quality of the perfect will, the wickedness of man, political race, free beauty, and fate. Each having a unmistakable and overwhelming impact on all who followed and essentially frightening the living *censored* out of individuals who didn't. To live in the puritan culture, a individual needed to play by the puritan rules, or face expulsion or even passing. The first significant conviction, and subject of incredible debate, was the conviction of the matchless quality of the awesome will. Basically expressed, everything that occurred in the world was on the grounds that God liked it as such. In the event that God was satisfied, acceptable occasions came. On the off chance that he wasn't hardship and starvation followed. Another conceivable clarification to hardships, however, was that since god was acceptable, unexplainable contrarily affecting marvel that appeared to be unheralded must be crafted by something outside of God's domain. This is the place not exclusively did the religion get dubious, in any case, really entered a kind of tricky slant. The Salem witch preliminaries are a prime case of this. In spite of the fact that the Bible states, Judge not, in case ye be judged, the puritans evidently didn't accept this related to them, and in the event that it did, they believed they were advocated in attempting to protect the city on the slope. Despite the fact that in principle this perfect is innocuous, it depended on the whole assembly getting it in accordance with some basic honesty, taking it home and gulping down it. What will in general occur, on the other hand, is that undereducated individuals when given a philosophical regulation, for example, this appear to confound minute things, for example, bum karma, as them being reviled, or out of god's kindness. Since it would be harder to acknowledge their own weaknesses, it would be a lot simpler to discover a substitute. As Cotton Mather exemplified in his book The Wonders of the Invisible World, paltry issues, for example, the demise of steers, individual malady, and disease were credited to black magic and magic. One such witch Martha Transporter, because of her detached after of the religion, was indicted and condemned to death over proof that was neither seen nor demonstrated. This was acknowledged in the confidence that she was the reason for everything amiss with the beset. (423) The following most impressive perfect was that of destiny. This conviction expressed that from the beginnings of time, God composed the content, and man was to complete it with no promotion libs. Despite the fact that this also can be viewed as a substitute instrument, this conviction despite everything radiates through in certain religions today. The distinction between most religions and the puritan religion, however, is that while different religions accepted man is foreordained to hellfire and through the beauty of god may run away to paradise, the puritans accepted that regardless of how hard a individual attempted, or how well and heavenly they experienced their lives, they could sit idle to change where God needed them to wind up. Practically all Christian religions accepted that man was bound to hellfire as a result of his unique sin. The wickedness of man goes back to the Bibles story in Genesis of Adam's tumble from elegance because of his insubordination of God. Along these lines, all men were condemned to everlasting punishment. God however, sent Christ to Earth as a methods for fulfilling a new contract with man. This guaranteed probably some of humankind would be spared. This number, however, as per the Puritans, was a constrained sum. This was known as the procedure of political race. This rose above to a few significant parts of the puritan culture, including the idea of free effortlessness. Free Grace was the conviction that there was nothing a man could do impact what God had in plan, being their last goal of paradise or hellfire. Beauty was offered openly to his choose. The vast majority trusted themselves to be a piece of the choose, and carried on with their life for instance to other people. This at that point made a general public of pretentious individuals who trusted themselves to be a piece of the choose and most every other person to

Counter-Transference in Therapy

Counter-Transference in Therapy Phobias Treatment Print Counter-Transference in Therapy By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 23, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 Nullplus/E/Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types In psychoanalytic theory, counter-transference occurs when the therapist begins to project his own unresolved conflicts onto the client. Freud, in 1910, was the first to discuss this topic. Transference of the client’s conflicts onto the therapist is a normal part of psychodynamic therapy. However, its the therapist’s job to recognize counter-transference and do whats necessary to remain neutral. Although many now believe it to be inevitable, counter-transference can be damaging if not appropriately managed. With proper monitoring, however, some sources show that counter-transference can play a productive role in the therapeutic relationship. There are four manifestations of counter-transference: Subjective: the therapists own unresolved issues is the cause (can be harmful if not detected)Objective: the therapists reaction to his clients maladaptive behaviors is the cause (can benefit the therapeutic process)Positive: the therapist is over-supportive, trying too hard to befriend his client, disclosing too much (can damage the therapeutic relationship)Negative: the therapist acts out against uncomfortable feelings in a negative way, including being overly critical, and punishing or rejecting the client Counter-transference is especially common in novice therapists, so supervisors pay close attention and help them become more self-aware. The mental health community supports seasoned clinicians by urging them to seek peer review and supervisory guidance as needed. Rather than eliminating counter-transference altogether, the goal is to use those feelings productively. What Qualifies as Counter-Transference? Counter-transference is the therapists inappropriate reaction to his client. The therapist is reacting to an unconscious neurotic conflict within himself that the client has unearthed. How does a therapist know hes experiencing counter-transference? How do you know if your therapist is exhibiting the signs of counter-transference? The first sign is an inappropriate emotional response to the client. More specifically, when the client is an adult, common counter-transference reactions a therapist, or client, should look out for include: An unreasonable dislike for the client or excessive positive feelings about the clientBecoming overemotional and preoccupied with the clients case between sessionsDreading the therapy session or feeling uncomfortable during the session If your child is in therapy, you can also look out for other clues if you suspect trouble in the therapeutic relationship. When the client is a child, warning signs of counter-transference for the therapist include: Fantasies of rescuing the child from his situationIgnoring the childs deviant behaviorEncouraging the child to act out When It Can Be a Good in Therapy Although its important for your therapist to guard against feelings of counter-transference toward you, it can also produce good results. In a systematic review of 25 counter-transference studies, researchers found an association with positive counter-transference, such as feeling close to the client, and positive outcomes, including improvement of symptoms and a good therapeutic relationship. A Word From Verywell To drive your understanding home on counter-transference, here is an example. Mike became concerned when he developed protective feelings for a female client. In discussions with a colleague, he realized that the client reminded him of his sister, leading to counter-transference of those feelings. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Contract Law and Music Copyright Essay - 1683 Words

COURSEWORK FOR CONTRACT LAW (MUSIC*) *On what basis does the inclusion of samples of a recording made by *Pink Floyd constitute an infringement of copyright? In civil law regarding copyright, there are two types of infringement; primary and secondary. Primary is concerned with the unauthorised use of copyrighted works and secondary would involve the dealing or making commercial use of such infringing copies. In the music industry, an infringement of copyright often consists of an existing piece of music being used by an artist without permission from the person or company who own the rights to the original music or recorded sound. This is exactly what has happened with Alexei Duff. He has used two samples from two Pink Floyd tracks†¦show more content†¦Alexie Duff could argue that the sample does not play a substantial part in the piece however he still sampled a sound recording without acquiring permission from the copyright owners. If legal action was to be carried ou t and the judge decided against Alexie Duff, overall it would stand that the samples used were taken from original sound recordings by Pink Floyd so therefore an infringement of the sound recording copyright would have occurred. If Alexie Duff was to re-create the drum beat rather than use the existing recorded sound then this would still be sampling though it would only be an infringement of the musical copyright. In spite of this, Pink Floyd’s record label may have less of a case in court as the sample was so short. However this is not the case. An example of where a record company has decided to take legal action against an artist for the use of sampling is the case of Hyperion Records Limited v. Warner Music (UK) Limited. A band called â€Å"The Beloved† used an eight second sample of a song called â€Å"O Euchari†. The sound was recorded by a singer named Emily Van Evera. Hyperion Records owned the rights to the sound recording and decided to sue. At the p reliminary hearing, the judge decided that that the eight seconds of sampled music constituted as a substantial part. In the end, an out of court agreement was made between the two parties. Another example would be the case ofShow MoreRelatedThe Law Of The Music Business : A Survey Of Significant Facets1210 Words   |  5 PagesName†¨Course Title†¨Date Law in the Music Business:†¨A Survey of Significant Facets Music permeates our day to day lives. From our iPods and iPads, to elevators and trains, to the more obvious venues such as radio stations and bars, music has so seeped into the consciousness of contemporary society that it has become hard to imagine a life without it. As with any other crucial element in society, however, music in modern civilization has also been regulated by the long arm of the law. So much so that conflictsRead MoreCopyright Law And The Music Industry : Beyond Blurred Lines1268 Words   |  6 PagesCopyright Law and the Music Industry: Beyond Blurred Lines Introduction Copyright law in today’s music industry has become a tangle of litigation, complications, and bitterness. Overly-complex, multi-layered regulations and laws, double to quadruple fees, and arbitrary enforcement have led to a situation where songwriters and artists are hamstrung, the industry is in crisis, and listeners will be the ultimate losers. In the past, there has been a tendency to settle music copyright lawsuits beforeRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The P2p Service1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma The legality of the P2P service is not very obvious, apparently. But what about the ethics of the software providers? Is it morally right to enable the free exchange of music, without enforcing a proper compensation to the copyright owners? In order to address the ethical question above, let’s examine the situation from the viewpoint of the two main ethical theories: Contractianism and Consequentialism. The Contractianism viewpoint The contractianism theory focuses onRead MoreThe Legal Terms Of Piracy1705 Words   |  7 Pagesgiven rights outlines within the Copyright Act. The contracts between artists, authors, inventors, and their companies and publishers are violated in numerous ways. The most common infringement occurs daily, as often people make copies of items without previous knowledge of their illegal actions. These minute acts are difficult to prevent though, especially with the ability to scan, search, paste, and print content across the cyber world. The most rare copyright infractions are the right to makeRead MoreRapper Q Tip From Hip Hop1470 Words   |  6 PagesRapper Q-Tip from hip hop group, A Tribe Called Quest famously conveyed in â€Å"Excursions†, a track from the 1993 album The Low End Theory, that music is cyclical, and jazz is the foundation for the new abstract in hip-hop just as hip-hop will be the new ground for whatever music the black community creates next. Even before the advent of the hip-hop genre, Jazz musicians participated in riff borrowing and sharing on standards. Simon and Garfunkel reused recordings of ea rlier songs in tracks they producedRead MoreFive Key Roles Of A Musical1286 Words   |  6 PagesFive Key Roles involved in the production of a Musical: 1) The director is, â€Å"a person who supervises the production of a show (as for stage or screen) usually with responsibility for action, lighting, music, and rehearsals† (merriam-webster.com). They are important because they bring the vision of the show to life and ensure that everyone is doing his/her part to aid in that process. 2) The choreographer is, â€Å"someone who composes choreography† (Lexicon Publications 174). In essence, the choreographerRead MoreThe Intellectual Property1052 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern music literature. At its worst, sampling is vandalism and stealing†. Half-way between creativity and plagiarism, sampling is a controversial issue in the music industry and the infringement of copyright. In this assignment I’m going to be discussing copyright and intellectual property rights in relation to the music industry. The Statute of Anne, was the first form of law that protected intellectual property, invented in the UK in 1709. The ultimate goal of intellectual property law is thatRead MoreA Brief Note On The Law Of Copyright1668 Words   |  7 PagesDiana Rios Professor Proctor Enc 1102 December 15, 2015 Law of Copyright Technology today plays a huge role in all aspects of a modern day by day society. As technology is used in all different fields, it is expected to continue improving over time to make daily tasks an unchallenging experience to perform for the average person. It provides security for creators, writers, artist, etc. from others benefiting from their work therefore providing better confidence in creativity and boosting economicRead MoreQuestions on Contract Performance Data, Patents, and Copyrights1113 Words   |  4 PagesContract Performance Data, Patents, and Copyrights Discuss at least one (1) aspect of contract performance that is likely to cause difficulties in your current or future position. Describe a strategy for overcoming this difficulty. Material delivery problems can present challenges to successful contract performance, particularly if the customer experiences long delays, is required to halt production, and/or misses important deadlines (Working and Material Shortages, 2006). Repercussions for poorRead More Napster: The Copyright Battle Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesOnce upon a time a website provided free music through peer-to-peer file sharing. This was a new technology for the public for a several reasons. The price of home computers had declines dramatically and many people could now afford one. Because of the affordability, many people who had never used a computer suddenly found themselves enmeshed in the new media. Not only could people do their e-mail, do paperwork, play games and use all the different applications they now could also share their files

The Overpopulation Problem in India - 509 Words

One of the world’s greatest problems is overpopulation, this has been going on in tons of countries including India, the worst of them all. It has been happening in India for many years and if it continues to go up at this rate it will become a very bad situation for everyone living there and will become a world problem. It is one of the biggest problems that needs to be stopped for the sake of so many lives. Many attempts have been tried, but none of them successful enough. There is also a lot of history behind overpopulation. For one, it has been going on for tons of years, every year the population increases 1.28% and in the last 15 years there has not been lower then a .5% increase. Also India remains one of the poorest countries in the world, with one of the lowest capita per person rate in the world and low money means that these families can not support all of their kids. Lastly, on the world population scale, India is now 17% of the world population and the second most populated country in the world with over 1.8 billion people. India has grown from one of the smaller countries to become a massive force that grows so much every year it can not be controlled. In current India, there are many cases such as people are being paid to not have kids. This would work and it is a motivation for families to not have as many kids but the problem is that the government doesn’t have enough money to keep this up and so they can’t promise people money unless they raise taxesShow MoreRelatedChina And Indi Driving Forces Of Overpopulation712 Words   |  3 PagesEmre Can AydÄ ±n Writing Assignment 104A 03/15/2015 China and India: Driving Forces of Overpopulation According to BBC, India s population reached nearly 1.21bn (India census: population goes up to 1.21bn). China is also has the population of 1.36bn according to Chinese Government (China Statistical Yearbook-2014). That s almost the half of the Earth s population. There are negative outcomes of this situation like poverty, depletion of resources and disturbed cultural structures. ActuallyRead MoreOverpopulation and Over- Consumption in India Essay733 Words   |  3 Pagespopulation of India is at a formidable amount of 1.27 billion and estimated to have 1.6 billion people by 2050. What will happen if countries like India keep growing? This issue is known as overpopulation. Overpopulation has become a very prevalent topic in the last ten years and if not controlled, it could affect all countries on earth. Although overpopulation appears to be an insuppressible issue, there are some different ideas and methods that have been used to help this problem. There are aRead MoreHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal800 Words   |  4 PagesHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal persons day, but being in a room full of seventy people is an example of overpopulation affecting education. Overpopulation in education affects the people and children very much. It affects the kids by the way they are being taught and the distractions around them. The overcrowding in classrooms cause many children to feel more negative. They feel more negative because most kids in a crowded roomRead MoreCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century1214 Words   |  5 Pagesfor Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century Introduction During the 1960s, dire Malthusian warnings about the impact of overpopulation, consumption and resource depletion caused only a ripple of concern in the international community as the Green Revolution and modern birth control methods and practices appeared to provide a viable solution to these problems. Unfortunately, even though innovations in agricultural practices have increased yields even further than during the second half ofRead MoreA Great Matter Of Concern Today Or Just A Bust?1667 Words   |  7 PagesCOMM1016-41 Professor Mark Dorsey Wednesday, October 29, 2014 â€Æ' A Great Matter of Concern Today or Just a Bust? While India is on the verge of being the most populated country. While the third world countries are deprived of their resources rapidly. People in the United States have to say that the problem of over population has been curbed and infant production rate controlled. Recently, one of the commentators in prominent U.S. publication declared that theRead MoreOverpopulation and Environmental Problems1008 Words   |  5 PagesOverpopulation is becoming a leading environmental problem in which resources are becoming depleted faster than are being created. Hoevel explains, â€Å"Overpopulation occurs when a population’s density exceeds the capacity of the environment to supply the health requirements of an individual† (Hoevel 1). This means that after a population has overused the resources in an area, the environment will no longer be able to support them, and there lies the problem with overpopulation. Wenner explains, â€Å"SustainabilityRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Envir onmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be examined, along with a comprehensive study intoRead MoreThe Biggest Crisis We Face Today : Human Overpopulation1218 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis We Face Today: Human Overpopulation There are many causes for overpopulation than just increasing numbers of people. Modern technology, improved medicine, more opportunities to get out of poverty, low fatality rates, immigration, and the lack of family planning (Rinkesh); all lead to overpopulation. Earth is home to 7.2 billion people. A research of 2015 (infoplease) shows that most of the world s population lies with the two largest countries in Asia: China and India. As of the last study ofRead MoreIndia and China Overpopulation Essays1203 Words   |  5 PagesHuman population is drastically increasing by the second, with the addition of one billion people every 12 years. Overpopulation creates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air qualityRead MoreEssay On Overpopulation1030 Words   |  5 PagesHuman overpopulation occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population in a specific location exceeds the carrying capacity of the place occupied by that group. Overpopulation can further be viewed, in a long term perspective, as existing when a population cannot be maintained given the rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources or given the degradation of the of the environment to give support to the population. Overpopulation is a problem that needs to be solved. Concern about overpopulation

Types of Power in a Negotiation Free Essays

What are the five types of power? Referent- power that comes from admiration or respect from others subject to such power Reward- power that comes from using rewards as a way to get things accomplished Legitimate- having a title that grants power, such as CEO Expert- power that comes from having supreme knowledge of the subject Coercive – using punishment as a way to get things done Consider a negotiation with which you are familiar. What parties were identified? Who had power or influence? Explain why. I personally don’t find myself negotiating through situations on a daily basis, my work environment is very fast-paced and we usually make decisions very quickly. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Power in a Negotiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now But I can definitely see these types of power struggles in a family situation or even a marriage. Personally I know I have used the reward and coercive powers to get my kids to do things. Being a parent also gives that legitimate power, I am MOM therefore what I say goes. Based on your experience with a negotiation, how does having one or more of the five types of power affect the dynamics of the negotiation? I would have to say that at work our team Leader beyond having legitimate power, he also has referent and expert power. During department meetings to discuss methods to improve our efficiency we all give our feedback and go back and forth with our ideas. It is his knowledge of the company and years of experience that usually provide the most efficient approach to improving our dept. Having the respect from everyone in the department as well as other co-workers initiates the negotiation towards a productive solution. How to cite Types of Power in a Negotiation, Papers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay Example For Students

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay The topic of this paper is the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, andwhether or not mutations undergone by the virus allow it to survive in theimmune system. The cost of treating all persons with AIDS in 1993 in theUnited States was $7.8 billion, and it is estimated that 20,000 new cases ofAIDS are reported every 3 months to the CDC. This question dealing with howHIV survives in the immune system is of critical importance, not only in thesearch for a cure for the virus and its inevitable syndrome, AIDS (AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome), but also so that over 500,000 Americans alreadyinfected with the virus could be saved. This is possible because if we knowthat HIV survives through mutations then we might be able to come up with atype of drug to retard these mutations allowing the immune system time toexpunge it before the onset of AIDS. In order to be able to fully comprehend and analyze this question we mustfirst ascertain what HIV is, how the body attempts to counter the effects ofviruses in general, and how HIV infects the body. DefinitionHIV is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV is classified as a RNA Retrovirus. A retrovirus uses RNA templates to produce DNA. For example, within thecore of HIV is a double molecule of ribonucleic acid, RNA. When the virusinvades a cell, this genetic material is replicated in the form of DNA . But, in order to do so, HIV must first be able to produce a particularenzyme that can construct a DNA molecule using an RNA template. This enzyme,called RNA-directed DNA polymerase, is also referred to as reversetranscriptase because it reverses the normal cellular process oftranscription. The DNA molecules produced by reverse transcription are theninserted into the genetic material of the host cell, where they areco-replicated with the hosts chromosomes; they are thereby distributed toall daughter cells during subsequent cell divisions. Then in one or more ofthese daughter cells, the virus produces RNA copies of its genetic material. These new HIV clones become covered with protein coats and leave the cell tofind other host cells where they can repeat the life cycle. As viruses begin to invade the body, a few are consumed by macrophages,which seize their antigens and display them on their own surfaces. Amongmillions of helper T cells circulating in the bloodstream, a select few areprogrammed to read that antigen. Binding the macrophage, the T cellbecomes activated. Once activated, helper T cells begin to multiply. Theythen stimulate the multiplication of those few killer T cells and B cellsthat are sensitive to the invading viruses. As the number of B cellsincreases, helper T cells signal them to start producing antibodies. Meanwhile, some of the viruses have entered cells of the body the onlyplace they are able to replicate. Killer T cells will sacrifice these cellsby chemically puncturing their membranes, letting the contents spill out,thus disrupting the viral replication cycle. Antibodies then neutralize theviruses by binding directly to their surfaces, preventing them from attackingother cells. Additionally, they precipitate chemical reactions that actuallydestroy the infected cells. As the infection is contained, suppresser Tcells halt the entire range of immune responses, preventing them fromspiraling out of control. Memory T and B cells are left in the blood andlymphatic system, ready to move quickly should the same virus once againinvade the body. In the initial stage of HIV infection, the virus colonizes helper T cells,specifically CD4+ cells, and macrophages, while replicating itself relativelyunnoticed. As the amount of the virus soars, the number of helper cellsfalls; macrophages die as well. The infected T cells perish as thousands ofnew viral particles erupt from the cell membrane. Soon, though, cytotoxic Tand B lymphocytes kill many virus-infected cells and viral particles. Theseeffects limit viral growth and allow the body an opportunity to temporarilyrestore its supply of helper cells to almost normal concentrations. It is atthis time the virus enters its second stage. Rock And Roll EssayThe simulation managed to reproduce the typically long delay betweeninfection by HIV and the eventual sharp rise in viral levels in the body. Italso provided an explanation for why the cycle of escape and repression doesnot go on indefinitely but culminates in uncontrolled viral replication, thealmost complete loss of the helper T cell population and the onset of AIDS. After the immune system becomes more active, survival becomes morecomplicated for HIV. It is no longer enough to replicate freely; the virusalso has to be able to ward off immune attacks. Now is when Nowak predictsthat selection pressure will produce increasing diversity in peptidesrecognized by immune forces. Once the defensive system has collapsed and isno longer an obstacle to viral survival, the pressure to diversifyevaporates. In patients with AIDS, we would again anticipate selection forthe fastest-growing variants and a decrease in viral diversity. Long-term studies involving a small number of patients have confirmed someof the modeling predictions. These investigations, conducted by severalresearchersincluding Andrew J. Leigh Brown of the University of Edinburgh,et al.tracked the evolution of the so-called V3 segment of a protein in theouter envelop of HIV for several years. V3 is a major target for antibodiesand is highly variable. As the computer simulation predicted, viral samplesobtained within a few weeks after patients become infected were alike in theV3 region. But during subsequent years, the region diversified, thus causinga rapid increase in the amount of V3 variants and a progressive decrease inthe CD4+ cell count. The model presented by Nowak is extremely difficult to verify with clinicaltests alone, largely because the diversified interactions between the virusand the immune system are impossible to monitor in detail. Consequently,Nowak turned to a computer simulation in which an initially homogeneous viralpopulation evolved in response to immunologic pressure. He reasoned that ifthe mathematical model produced the known patterns of HIV progression, hecould conclude the evolutionary scenario had some merit. To verify hismodel, he turned to the experiments done on the V3 protein segment in HIV. These experiments demonstrated that the peptides were mutating and thatthese mutations were leading to a decline in helper lymphocytes. Before we begin to answer the question that this paper is investigating, anevaluation of our primary experiment source is necessary, this being apublication of Nowaks model. Upon evaluation of this source, a problem isexposed, this being that because there was no experiment performed tosubstantiate this model, we have no idea if the modeling predictions aretrue. Although there were previous non-directly related experiments ( i.e.,V3 experiment) that Nowak referred to to rationalize his model there wasnever an experiment done solely based on the model. Because the V3 findingswere in accord with the findings of Nowaks model, we can assume that themodel has some merit. This absence of an experiment is what leads to the boundaries that oneencounters when experimenting with HIV mutations. These boundaries beingthat because HIV replicates and mutates non-linearly, it is impossible tochronicle all its viral dynamics scrupulously. The lack of experimental data based on Nowaks model along with theinadequacy of experiments dealing with HIV mutations leads to the conclusionthat at present, there is no answer to this question. Although, otherquestions have been exposed, including: does the virus mutate at random oris it systematic? And how does the virus know where to mutate in order tocontinue surviving undetected?These are all questions that must first be answered before we even begin totry to determine if viral mutations are what allows HIV to survive in theimmune system.