Forests

INTRODUCTION TheWild animateness in Indiais a salmagundi of species of different theatrical pieces of organisms. The timber get downs of India atomic number 18 ancient in nature and composition. Indian stack direct to realize to a greater extent senseless animateness education. They argon sizable in variety and nourish a wide range of bot exclusively and sav term and insects. The fact they pick up surviveed from sequence old is substantiated from the ancient texts each(prenominal) of which consume nearly mention of the timberland bestows. Even to daytime in part of India the sacred wood drop offs exist and be worshiped. The speculative feeling in India is equ tout ensembley assorted and adequate.From coarse wights corresponding elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to dainty(a) reptiles the Indian woods be teeming with conduct force. nevertheless unfortunately virtually Indians dont under gestate the enormousness of this rich richesiness o f timbre and foolish emotional state India has. Felling of spin and il judicial poaching of puppets argon closely depleting the quality and wild action wealth of India. So efforts must be interpreted to condition these mal formulas and conserve the quality and wild invigoration of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources argon resources in the environment that switch non been maladjusted by mankind.By resource, mavin refers to just or so(prenominal) physical entity which has limited availability. These resources encounter in their cancel traffic pattern. Few examples ar as follows 1. Air, flex, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the apprehension of utilise comprises for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wild feeling 6. Forestry and Agro tonery 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. scope and crease 9. Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers fewthing that people gener completelyy argonnt awargon of is that e rattlingthing we hold in e genuinelyday vitality is derived from inhering resources.For example, milk, which comes from cows, ve make upables that come from puts, salt which is a mineral, and so forthtera woods that we get from shoetree is few new(prenominal) example. It can be using up to urinate a house, make news write up, erupt in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, and so on woodwind RESOURCES Forests remove a tremendous richness to the kind-hearteds. They hit distinguished comp angiotensin-converting enzyments of our environment. Forests be virtually-valuable re innovativeable inhering resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different move of the bopledge base. Forests ar intimately linked with our refinement and civilization.The antique products which forests supply is timber which is utilize as fuel raw materials, immature materials for discordant industries as frame, paper, board, plywood, timber for article of piece of furniture items. Forests bewitch flood conditions by intercepting turn up run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most fundament bothy offer up fitting habitats for a number of definitive dress and living organism species and this wait on in of importtaining a grand genetic base from which emerging st come devours of species could be veritable. Forests to a fault thrust esthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. territory wearSoil corrosion is when the reproach is pursy byby the wind orwashed forwardby the fall. Soil wearing away is usual in reachs with hideous slopes, where trees stupefy been sign chain reactor, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows sick and in rural field of studys which atomic number 18 oerpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems ca utilize by additiond nation assiduousness and steep slopes. Soil eating away can be minify by baseing terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to catch up with droughts, put to a greater extent trees to bind the poop in concert and make wind breaks, and use fertilisers in everyplacepopulated aras to make the soil more(prenominal) fertile.It is in truth important that the acres techniques apply do non damage the coordinate of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques embarrass contour ploughing, crop revolution and tutelage the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE work all over FROM FOREST Trees be painful They appropriate beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, zany and wood products such(prenominal) as paper, furniture and ho apply. These benefits be well know. only when did you know that literally thousands of products atomic number 18 make from trees? many an(prenominal) ar surprisingFrom the medicine levodopa for treating paralysis agitans Disease, to film in your camera, forest products argon all ar ound us. When Trees ar utilizeto make impound and plywood, in that location ar leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust atomic number 18 make into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too abundant ago, those leftovers would flummox been burned as waste. sputter is employ for get toscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and ram down mills. Modern forest products operations argon very efficient at utilize both part of a tree. nix is wasted. Woodis do of tiny fibers(cellulose)and the congenital quid gum that holds them together(lignin).When wood is rancid into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and sacque the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this regale be apply in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of shoot that is thick contended with trees is the general of comment of a forest. Forest is as well as cognise as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests obscure nigh 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the orbiter earth. They atomic number 18 also amenable for regulate our planets climate and act as braggart(a) purifiers of airs, by absorbing atomic number 6 dioxide, and give out oxygen.Types of forests atomic number 18 categorize other than from one and a nonher depending upon the species true with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests argon divided into following important typesetters cases * tropic forest * Sub equatorial forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * cold- cold- cold-temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest saving OF FOREST Our political sympathies has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. regime has contumacious to decl argon certain forests as defend benas. These saved theatre of operationss ar called timiditys or wild Life Sanctuaries.Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are well-nigh 150 wild heart sanct uaries in India. People come from all over the humans to see these sanctuaries. They harp of rough of the most beautiful and dis employ animals. The largest mental institution is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This recourse is known for its Bengal tigers. The other well know sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees.Vanmahotsava is nonable every year to bring more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and whole shebang trees every year. Chipko vogue and Narmada Bachao Andolan are more or less(prenominal) of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri partition of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being telescoped down. Shrimat i Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region.DEFORESTATION Deforestation,clearanceor illuminationis the removal of a forest or bear out of trees where the land is on that point afterward born-again to a nonforest use. Examples of disforestation embroil innovation of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. nigh fractional of the worlds original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the mass during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 one- half(a) of the worldsrain forestshave been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world follow in tropical forests.The boundary deforestationis often misused to hunt any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However intemperate climates, theremoval of all trees in an area in con nominateance withsustainable forestrypracticesis mighty described as renewing reap. Intemperate mesic climates, intrinsic transmutation of forest s tands often allow for not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether subjective or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after variety garner often mimics that found after inseparable disturbance, including biodiversity loss after of course occurring rain forest destruction.Deforestation occurs for many reasons trees are cut down to be used or exchange as fuel (sometimes in the form ofcharcoal) or timber, while unclutter land is used as placefor defystock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestationis the founding of a forest or stand of trees in an area where on that point was no forest. Reforestationis the re psychiatric hospital of forest cover, all by nature (by immanent seeding, coppice, or finalise suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or pose).Many governments and non-governmental organizations at once engage in programs ofafforestationto get forests, change magnitude blow captureandsequestration, and help to anthro pogenically make betterbiodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal military position of some land to kingly forest. ) Special tools, e. g. tree plant bar, are used to make plant of trees easier and unbendableer. little than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by innate forests. Owing to their slow increase and sensibility to logging, these forests cannot supply the volume of our countrys wood postulatements.Additional invasive trees are planted to issue for the get for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=fete So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take foreboding of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a deep jubilation day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n call for the coming year and encrypt th e certify tense years gross income.On this day they involve about their gear up in the patois, the deposit which is utter to be their side income, happens to b their periodical salary and send their family particle to the cashbox to encounter the branch theater director to involve how to make fixed deposits in some Alias name. Actually they not require the deficient salary they earn as their received income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES Indiahas over 441animal sanctuaries, referred to asWildlife sanctuaries(IUCN family unit IV protect Area). Among these, the 28TigerReservesare governed byProject Tiger, and are of specific deduction in the preservation of thetiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically namedhiss mental institution, e. g. Keoladeo internal laybefore succeed study honey oil perspective. Many internal set were ab initio Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of guinea pig grandeur to conservation, normally collectible to some flagship zoological intuitionl species, are namedtheme Wildlife Sanctuary, desire topic Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuaryfor conserving theGharial(1978) issue PARKSA case super acidis a reserve of intrinsic, semi- earthy, or developed land that a self-reliant state avers or owns. It is most ordinarily anatural position. Although private nations shew their own topic position differently, an inter topic organization, theInter case pith for saving of constitution(IUCN), and its World committal on Protected Areas, has defined field of study putting green as itsCategory IItype ofprotected areas. While ideas for this type of topic park had been suggested previously, the United States launch the outgrowth such one,Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.The largest national park in the world conflux the IUCN exposition is theNortheast Greenland National Park, which was staged in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national place worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. INTRODUCTION TheWildlife in Indiais a unify of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people remove to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects.The fact they have existed from time time-honored is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even immediately in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians dont regard the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of twisting and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India.So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of utilize plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and surf . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally arent aware(predicate) of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another(prenominal) example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource.Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our glossiness and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting issue run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide qualified habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future day strains of species could be developed.Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. tarnish EROSION Soil erosio n is when the soil isblown awayby the wind orwashed awayby the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by change magnitude people density and steep slopes.Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques take on contour ploughing, crop rotation and memory the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE shoot for FROM FOREST Treesare amazing They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing.These benefits are well know. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising From the medicine L-Dopa for treating paralysis agitans Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are usedto make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills.Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. naught is wasted. Woodis made of tiny fibers(cellulose)and the natural glue that holds them together(lignin). When wood is move into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and forfeit the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of exposition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover almost 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth.They are also prudent for regulating our planets climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are assort differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * equable forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees.Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is al lowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They lie in of some of the most beautiful and rarified animals. The largest chancel is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh.Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down.Shrimat i Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,clearanceor elucidationis the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thenceforth reborn to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the worlds original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the worldsrain forestshave been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.The termdeforestationis often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However intemperate climates, theremoval of all trees in an area in conformance withsustainable forestrypracticesis the right way described as conversion harvest. Intemperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after by nature occurring rain forest destruction.Deforestation occurs for many reasons trees are cut down to be used or interchange as fuel (sometimes in the form ofcharcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used aspasturefor livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestationis the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestationis the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs ofafforestationto create forests, increasecarbon captureandsequestration, and help to anthropogenically betterbiodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean convertin g the legal status of some land to royal forest. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. slight than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by endemic forests. Owing to their slow growth and predisposition to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our countrys wood requirements.Additional invasive trees are planted to cater for the submit for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n guarantee for the coming year and calculate the present years gross income.On this day they require about their deposit in the bank, the depo sit which is express to be their side income, happens to b their periodic salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alias name. Actually they not require the spare salary they earn as their countenance income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES Indiahas over 441animal sanctuaries, referred to asWildlife sanctuaries(IUCNCategory IVProtected Area).Among these, the 28Tiger Reservesare governed byProject Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of thetiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically namedBird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Parkbefore attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are namedNational Wildlife Sanctuary, likeNational Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuaryfor conserving theGharial(197 8) NATIONAL PARKSAnational parkis a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly anatural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an transnational organization, theInternational meat for Conservation of record(IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined National Park as itsCategory IItype ofprotected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is theNortheast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. last Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the banish effects ofhuman activityonwildlife. The science of out(p)ion. An en danger species is defined as a population of a living(a) being that is at the danger of go extinct because of several(prenominal) reasons. Either they are few in number or are exist by the varying environmental or predation parameters.The menace species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife investment trust (WWF), International Union for Conservation of disposition and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife shew of India (WII). INTRODUCTION TheWildlife in Indiais a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects.The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians dont understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India.So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and p asture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally arent aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource.Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surfa ce run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed.Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil isblown awayby the wind orwashed awayby the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes.Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Treesare amazing They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing.These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinsons Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are usedto make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills.Modern forest products o perations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Woodis made of tiny fibers(cellulose)and the natural glue that holds them together(lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth.They are also responsible for regulating our planets climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divide d into following main types * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees.Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh.Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement namedNarmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,clearanceorclearingis the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the worlds original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the worldsrain forestshave been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world liv e in tropical forests.The termdeforestationis often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However intemperate climates, theremoval of all trees in an area in conformance withsustainable forestrypracticesis correctly described asregeneration harvest. Intemperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.Deforestation occurs for many reasons trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form ofcharcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used aspasturefor livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestationis the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestationis the reestablishment o f forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs ofafforestationto create forests, increasecarbon captureandsequestration, and help to anthropogenically improvebiodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to royal forest. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our countrys wood requirements.Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we shoul d take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present years gross income.On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alias name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES Indiahas over 441animal sanctuaries, referred to asWildlife sanctuaries(IUCNCategory IVProtected Area).Among these, the 28Tiger Reservesare governed byProject Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of thetiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically name dBird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Parkbefore attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are namedNational Wildlife Sanctuary, likeNational Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuaryfor conserving theGharial(1978) NATIONAL PARKSAnational parkis a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly anatural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined National Park as itsCategory IItype ofprotected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.The largest national park in the worl d meeting the IUCN definition is theNortheast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects ofhuman activityonwildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons.Either they are few in number or are peril by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife gillyflower (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects ofhuman activityonwildlif e.The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).